The Challenges and the Approaches for the Geographic Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Technological advances in wireless communications and nanotechnologies made use of sensor-involved applications and systems for homeland security and safety more appealing. Application area can be extended from battlefield or security applications such as target detection to humanitarian applications such as disaster recovery, pollution detection, search and rescue, and food agriculture. Scalability and lifetime of sensor based systems primarily depend on techniques used in the MAC-layer and the network layer. Experiments in this area show that the geographic routing protocols appeared to be a promising solution for scalability while addressing the energy-efficiency problem that has to be considered to prolong the lifetime of the system. In this paper, we surveyed the challenges and the proposed solutions and approaches for the geographic routing protocols for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks.